Air changes per hour is the common and most widely used term in pharmaceutical industries and other fields where HVAC systems are installed. Air changes per hour are also called ACPH. Most people and even pharmaceutical professionals are not aware of the method to calculate ACPH.In this article, we will discuss
- What is ACPH?
- Importance of ACPH
- How to Calculate ACPH?
- What is CFM?
- Recommended ACPH
- Queries to Solve Questions
What is ACPH?
Air changes per hour is the volume of air supplied and removed from an area in one hour using an HVAC system.
ACPH is the volume of air per hour divided by the volume of area or room.
As the name indicates air changes mean the replacement of air or changing the old air with new air in one hour.
Importance of ACPH
Air changes per hour are important because of the following.
- To ensure proper ventilation.
- To remove dust, and smoke fumes from an area, room or building.
- To remove carbon dioxide and other gases from the area.
- To maintain clean room status by removing non-viable particles.
- To maintain clean room status by removing viable count adhere to the non-viable particles.
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Recommended Air changes
- In the pharmaceutical industry different recommended ranges of Air Changes Per Hour are given.
- ACPH is given in a range which means that a fixed value is not given.
- The range has the flexibility to adopt any value that lies between the range.
- For lower range, air movement or velocity is low and for higher range, air velocity or movement is high.
- For some general areas, ACPH is given as follows,
For Clean rooms recommended ACPH are as follows,
If we select a lower number of ACPHÂ in pharmaceuticals it meets regulatory requirements but the level of cleanliness is different at lower and upper ranges.
Selection of lower range ACPH reduces the cost of operation due to less energy cost.
Explanation
ISO Class 8 recommended range is 5-48 ACPH.
If we select a lower range e.g 5 ACPH it means that 5 times in an hour air in the room will be replaced.
If we select the upper range e.g. ACPH 48 then it means air replacement is high that is 48 times in an hour.
As we increase the ACPH from low to high it changes the status of the area from less clean to more clean due to the increased swiping action of air.
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Pharmaceutical Questions and Answers.
How to Calculate ACPH?
To calculate ACPH the following formula is used.
ACPH=T×60/Volume of the Room
 ACPH=Air changes Per Hour
T=Total air volume supplied in the room
Step 1
Total Air Volume
In the first step, we will calculate T or the total air volume supplied in the room by using the following formula,
                     T=V×A
AndÂ
V=Velocity of air from HEPA filter in the room
           A=Area of HEPA filter
From the above formula, we can see that to calculate ACPH, first, we have to calculate the velocity of air and the volume of the room.
So
How to Calculate Velocity of Air?
- The velocity of air is the speed at which air comes into the room from a HEPA filter.
- It is taken in feet/minute or Meters/Second.
- To determine the air velocity anemometer is used.
We take 5 values of air velocity from the filter face,4 values are taken from each corner and the 5th value is taken from the center of the HEPA filter.
The average velocity is calculated below
Air Velocity V= V1+V2+V3+V4+V5 /5
ExampleÂ
Suppose values of air velocity from V1 to V5 are as follows in feet/minute
- V1=240
- V2=280
- V3=200
- V4=250
- V5=230
Put values in the above formula as follows,
Air Velocity V= V1+V2+V3+V4+V5 /5
V= 240+280+200+250+230/5
                    V=1200/5
                    V=240 feet/minute
Result
So the average velocity of air in the room is 240 feet/minute.
How to Calculate the Area of Filter?
A is the Area of the HEPA filter and is determined by the multiplying length and width of the HEPA filter as follows.
A=Length of HEPA× Width of HEPA
Example
Calculate the area of the HEPA filter having 2.5 feet in length and 2 feet in width.
As we know
A=Length of HEPA× Width of HEPA
                          or
                      A= L×w
Put values asÂ
                     A=2.5×2= 5 square feet
So
Total air vol is calculated by following the formula
       T=A×V
Example
Calculate Total air volume if air velocity is 240 feet/minute and the area of filter is 5 square feet.
Put values in following formula as
T=Velocity of Air× Area of filter
        T =240×5
            =1200
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Step 2
Calculation of Room Volume.
In step two we will find the volume of the area or room where the air is supplied. volume of room or area is measured by multiplying the length, width and height of the room as follow
            Volume of Room = l×w×h
- l= Length of the Room
- w=Width of Room
- h=Height of Room
Example
Calculate the volume of room havingÂ
- Length=10 feet
- Width=Â 10 feet
- Height= 12 feet
Put values in the formula as
Volume of Room = l×w×h
Vol of room =10×10×12
                     =1200 cubic feet
What is CFM?
- CFM is cubic feet per minute.
- It is used to measure the air volume.
- Volume of air supplied to the room is called CFM.
- CFM indicates capacity of a fan or blower.
- If the total volume of air in a room is 500ft³ then this room will require a 500 CFM blower to empty the room from air in one minute.
- CFM is calculated by measuring the air velocity and multiplying it with the area of the filter.
CFM=Velocity of air×Area of filter
As we knowÂ
            T= Velocity of air×Area of filter
So
            T=CFM=V×A
We can write following formulaÂ
ACPH=T×60/Volume of the Room
As
ACPH=CFM×60/Volume of the Room
If a room has more than one inlet filter then for each filter CFM is calculated and results are combined.
Query 1
Calculate ACPH of a room having following parameters
- Length=10
- width=10
- Height=12
- CFM = 800
Use following formula
ACPH=CFM×60/Volume of Room
First we will calculate volume of room by using following formula
          Volume of Room=l×w×h
Put values in the above formula
   Vol of room = 10×10×12 = 1200 ft³
Now calculate the ACPH using following formula
ACPH=CFM×60/Volume of Room
Put values in the above formula
         ACPH= 800×60/1200=40
Result
Air changes Per Hour for the above mentioned room is 40.
Query 2Â
In query 2 we will calculate the CFM from given ACPH or cross check our answer of query 1 as follows.
Calculate CFM of a AHU supplying air to a room havingÂ
- Length=10
- Width=10
- Height=12
- ACPH =40
Solution
First we will calculate volume of room using following formula
Volume of Room=l×w×h
Put values in the above formula
          Volume of room = 10×10×12Â
                                      = 1200 ft³
Now calculate the CFM using following formula
ACPH=CFM×60/Volume of Room
We will rearrange the above formula as
ACPH×Volume of Room/60=CFM
or
CFM=ACPH×Volume of Room /60
Put values in above formula as
            CFM= 40×1200/60
                    =800
Result
As we can see that CFM are the same as we use in the first query.
Conclusion
We can find ACPH of any area if CFM is given and in the same way we can find out the CFM from the given ACPH.
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Lux level for Different areas in pharma.
Query 3
In query 3 we will learn to calculate the ACPH when air velocity and area of filter is given but CFM is not given.
Calculate the Air changes for a room when
- Velocity of air = 240
- Area of filter = Â Â 5Â
- Room volume= 1200 cubic feet.
SolutionÂ
First we will calculate Total air volume by using following formula
             T=V×AÂ
Put values in above formula as
                         T=240×5
                           =1200
Now calculate ACPH using following formula
ACPH=T×60/Volume of Room
Put values in above formula as
ACPH=1200×60/1200  = 60
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